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Vacuole ppt
- 2. • vacuole was first observed in protozoa.The contractile vacuole or stars of many protozoa were seen by Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1776 although he mistook them respiratory oragan
- 3. Discovery of vacuole In 1841 when Felix Dujardin first discovered vacuole under a compound microscope while observing a plant cell noticed something that took up most of the space in the cell. He named it vacuole" which comes from the Latin word "vacuus" which means "empty. because it appear empty in light microscopand. Little did he know how untrue this was, because the truth is, it is not empty. It contain cell sap.
- 4. • Tonoplast • Cell sap Structure of vacuole
- 5. Tonoplast • The structure of the vacuolar membrane (tonoplast) was studied in red beet roots. The vacuolar membrane was shown to be composed of highly ordered lipids which form regions of free liquid lipid bilayer loosely bound to integral proteins.
- 6. Composition of cell sap • Cell sap consists of water and various substances that are often in the form of a colloidal suspension. • • On the average, cell sap has twice the viscosity of water. In dormant seeds and spores the cell sap dehydrates, hydrating again upon germination. • Young cells have less cell sap than older ones.
- 7. • Cell sap contains the carbohydrates glucose, fructose, sucrose and inulin ,pectins glycosides ,tannins. • The composition of cell sap is specific to families and even to species. • depending also on; • growth conditions. • the age of the plant.
- 8. Types of Vacuole Vacuole in organisms cell can be of various types: • And in some bacterial cells. • And fungal cells. • It is present in in all plant cells.
- 9. • Vacuoles in fungal cells Vacuoles in fungal cells perform similar functions to those in plants and there can be more than one vacuole per cell. • . The fungi vacoule play role in homeostasis of cell pH and the concentration of ions, osmoregulation, storing amino acids and polyphosphate.degradativ e processes.
- 10. Central Vacuole In Plant Cells . • The central vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle containing water and other enzymes that function during the life of the plant. •the central vacuole is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer. •The size and shape of the central vacuole depends on the type of cell they are in and their specific function.
- 12. Functions Of The Vacuole Vacuoles can be large organelles occupying between 30% and 90% of a cell by volume. Vacuoles appear to have three main functions, they; i. contribute to the rigidity of the plant using water to develop hydrostatic pressure ii. store nutrient and non-nutrient chemicals iii. break down complex molecules.
- 13. • Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell Containing water in plant cells Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell maintaining an acidic internal pH Functions of plant vacuole
- 14. Allows plants to support structures such as leaves and flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole In seeds, stored proteins needed for germination are kept in 'protein bodies', which are modified vacuoles
- 15. Flexible space but never empty space: •A membrane barrier called a tonoplast limits each vacuole. •This membrane is remarkable in that it can surround a small amount of fluid, and stretch to become an organelle occupying as much as 95% of the cell by volume. •In this process all the other organelles in the cell are pressed, without damage, against the firm cellulose cell wall.
- 16. The state of plant cell vacuoles indicates whether you need to water your garden: A cell in which the vacuole contains all the water it needs is said to be in a turgid state. A state of wilt shows a shortage of water and a cell is said to have lost its turgor.
- 18. Vacuole assist with growth: The relatively high hydrostatic pressure produced by vacuoles also assists in cell elongation but only when the cell wall is made soft enough for extension to take place.(during growth) The vacuolar membrane works as a proton pump: vacuolar membrane works as a proton pump and uses energy from adenosine triphosphate(ATP).Maintain acidity of vacuole.
- 20. Chemicals help create ‘cell pressure’ Chemicals in the vacuole forming a concentrated solution create the hydrostatic pressure produced within plant cells. Some of these chemicals form ions and the effect of this system is to create a high osmotic pressure. Water enter the vacuole maintaining internal turgidity.
- 22. • As plants lack immune cells, each cell has to defend itself against invading pathogens. • Plant cells have a large central vacuole that accumulates a variety of hydrolytic enzymes and antimicrobial compounds, raising the possibility that vacuoles play a role in plant defense.
- 23. The vacuolar membrane is a selective membrane: The vacuolar membrane or tonoplast is a selective membrane and the passage of chemicals through it is controlled in both directions. . Isolating harmful materials Plants, unlike animals, do not have a well-developed excretory system but they do have vacuoles. Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell .
- 24. Vacuoles – an endowment for the next generation: Proteins, fats and carbohydrates can be safely stored in the vacuoles of storage cells in seeds for many years for utilisation when germination takes place. Vacuoles and lysosomes have similar functions: Vacuoles in plant cells are in some respects the equivalent of lysosomes in animal cell . The ‘breakdown products’ are retained within the vacuole.
- 25. Autophagy • Autophagy is an process by which cytoplasmic components are selectively enclosed within a double-membrane vesicle known as the autophagosome . • Delivered to the vacuole for degradation of components and recycling of needed nutrients,or orgenelles.
- 26. Autophagy One of the biggest functions of the vacuole is their role in autophagy. Autophagy is the degradation of unnecessary cells . Vacuoles maintain a balance between biogenesis (creation) and degradation (removal).
- 27. Formation of vacuole in plant Plant cell form by cell devision of shoot and root merismetic have hundred of small provacuoles which arise by budding and fusion of Golgi network . At this point in development plant vacuole resemble animal lysosomes both in size and quantity
- 28. • As growth of cells progress the provacuoles start to fuse together and start to form single centeral vacuole. • All the orgenelles of cell start to push towards the cell memberane . Orgenelles are between the tonoplast and cell memberane.
- 29. Function Of Contractile vacuole Water is constantly entering the cell by osmosis. The water on the outside is hypotonic and the water on the inside of the organism is hypertonic . the contractile Vacuole is needed which acts as a pump to remove excess water without this the cell would burst from to much excess water.
- 30. Function Of Food Vacuole A food vacuole is a membrane-bound vacuole where ingested food is stored, and eventually, digested. The food contained within the vacuole is taken up by the process of phagocytosis.
- 31. • Who discover plant vacuole? • Who named vacuole? • from where plant vacuole originate? • How vacuole maintain tergidity in plant? • What are provacuole and how form? • Which orgenelle of animal similer to provacuole of plant? Questions
- 32. References www.answers.com www.slideshare.com www.answers.yahoo.com www.uni-heidelberg.de www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › NCBI › Literature › PubMed Central (PMC) http://www.springerlink.com/content/b23m0r26770x8206/ http://journal.frontiersin.org/ResearchTopic/1638 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10024971
- 33. Thank You